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Farmer's markets
At a Farmers’ Market, farmers, growers or producers (usually from a defined local area) are present in person to sell their own produce direct to the public. Farmers’ Markets give local producers the opportunity to eliminate distributors and retailers’ margins, as well as generating very valuable direct feedback on the product. Consumers can make a more direct connection with the source of their food and learn more about what is in season and the best cooking methods. Farmers' markets are held weekly or monthly in many Irish towns and cities in Ireland - a listing of approved Farmers Markets is available from An Bord Bia (www.bordbia.ie).
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Farmer's markets -
Bailed silage
Preserving grass silage as bailes is very popular in Ireland. The grass is compacted into a bale and then wrapped in an airtight plastic wrapper. The system offers more flexibility at feeding time than conventional pit silage, as bales can be transported for feeding. Some of the world’s best equipment for making baled silage is manufactured in Ireland by companies such as McHale (Mayo) and Tanco (Carlow).
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Bailed silage -
Milking machine
Milk from dairy cows in Ireland is collected each day using a milking machine in a milking parlour. This highly efficient system uses a pulsated vacuum to draw milk from the cows. Milk let-down is encouraged by the release of the hormone oxytocin, which is promtpted by the pre-milking washing routine employed by the farmer. Milk is drawn from the cows and piped to a stainless steel bulk tank, wher it is quickly cooled for storage. Hygene is essential and milk is regularly tested to ensure that bacterial contamination is avoided (www.milkquality.ie)
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Milking machine -
Cattle Grazing in the Burren
The Burren is Ireland's most distinctive and internationally celebrated landscape, while the burren is inhospiabble it is used for farming.
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Cattle Grazing in the Burren -
Holstein calves
The vast majority of dairy animals in Ireland are Holstein Friesians, the most popular bairy breed globally. They have been intensively selected for milk production in the main dairy regions around the world, particularly in the Netherlands and the USA. In 2010, there were 611,853 Holstein Friesian Calves born in Ireland compared to 17,099 Jersey calves and 9,472 Montbeliarde. Further details from the Irish Cattle Breeding Federation (www.icbf.com) and from the Irish Holstein /frieshian Association (www.ihfa.ie)
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Holstein calves -
Silage making
Each year, Irish farmers harvest their surplus grass crops during the summer growing season and preserve it as silage or hay for feeding during the winter when cattle are housed indoors. Silage is brought into farmyards and stored in airtight conditions under plastic. The crop ferments, with the resulting acidity preserving the feeding value of the material. Most silage crops are harvested by large scale machinery run by contractors. Farms generally take two main cuts of silage, the first in June and the second in August.
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Silage making -
Farm organisations
A high proportion of Irish farmers are members of representative organisations that provide information, offer strength in numbers as well as lobbying politicians and Government on their behalf. The largest organisation is the Irish Farmer's Association (IFA) (www.ifa.ie), with over 85,000 members in 947 branches nationwide. The picture shows a 2011 protest calling for farmers to receive a fair share of the retail price. For young farmers aged 17-35, Macra na Feirme (www.macra.ie), founded in 1944, offers a network of clubs active in agriculture, sports, travel, public speaking, community involvement and the arts. Thousands of Irish dairy farmers are also members of the Limerick based Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers Association (ICMSA) (www.icmsa.ie). Drystock farmers are also represented by the Irish Cattle and Sheep Farmers Association (www.icsaireland.com)
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Farm organisations -
Christmas trees
Christmas trees are a significant niche crop in Ireland, with an annual market value of around €15m. Bord Bia estimate that around 100 growers annually harvest 700,000 trees for sale. About 300,000 are exported, mainly to Britain and France. Christmas trees are grown mainly in counties Wicklow, Wexford and Carlow but also in Kerry, Tipperary, Roscommon and Dublin. The most popular varieties grown are the Nordmann fir (70%) and the Noble fir (20%), which suit our soil types. Their ability to retain their needles makes them popular with customers. On average it takes 7 – 10 years for a Christmas tree to grow to a minimum height of 2 metres.
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Christmas trees -
An area of Land
Average land price in Ireland in 2011 was estimated to be €8,708 per acre. (Source: Irish Farmers Journal Agricultural Land Price Report, 2011). Prices peaked at over €20,000 per acre in 2007, driven by demand for development.
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An area of Land -
Teagasc Moorpark
Teagasc Moorepark Dairy Production Research Centre in Fermoy, Co Cork. Established by the Irish government in 1959, Moorepark Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre has played a vital role in the development of the Irish dairy industry. It has been the focal point of Irish research into all aspects dairy production and is regarded as one of the world's leading grassland agriculture research centres.
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Teagasc Moorpark -
Cows grazing
Weather permitting, Irish dairy cows are generally grazed on grass pastures from March to October when the grass is in plentiful supply. Average milk yield per cow in Ireland in 2010 was 4,567 litres with constituents of 3.84% butterfat and 3.35% protine. This is relatively low by international standards; in the United States and Continental Europe, average milk yields are close to 9,000 litres per cow. However, the yields in Ireland reflect the prevalence of cost grass based systems rather than intensive indoor confinement systems based on concentrate feeds.
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Cows grazing -
Calf rearing
A group of Holstein Friesian calves gather around a milk feeder on the farm of Ann Moore in Middleton, Co Cork. The system is and example of low labour techniques imported from New Zealand that allow large numbers of animals to be managed by one person. Milk is placed in the central drum and brought by ATV or tractor to the field where the calves gather around and suck mild from plastic teats. Once they are well fed and have good shelter, calves are very healthy outdoors. In 2011, Ann was awarded the European Innovation award for farm women.
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Calf rearing -
Exports
Dairy cows pictured grazing the fields at Ring, overlooking Dungarvan bay in Co Waterford. Exports of food and drink from Ireland were worth €8.85 billion in 2011, with dairy and beef accounting for over 60% of the total. In terms of the destination of Irish food and drink exports in 2011, the United Kingdom at 41% was the principal market with sales of just over €3.66 billion. Continental EU markets accounted for 34% of food and drink exports with a combined value estimated in excess of €3 billion.
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Exports -
Farming in the Burren
The Burren is a good example of the wonders of nature situated in Clare and Galway, it is made up of limestone rock, there are flora and fauna which may not be found anywhere else.
Image courtesy of www.burrenbeo.com.
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Farming in the Burren -
Farmyard
The farmyard is the hub where all farming activity is centred, with machinery and winter fodder stored alongside animal housing. In Ireland, cattle usually need to be taken from the land and housed indoors for 8-24 weeks, depending on the land type and weather conditiond. A typical housing period would be from early November to early March. Ideally, farmyards are located in the centre of the farm. Farmers plant trees to create a shelter and reduce the visual impact of the buildings. This picture shows the farmyard of William Allen, a winner in the 2010 FBD Farmyard of the year competition run by the Irish Farmers Journal (www.farmersjournal.i.e)
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Farmyard -
Strawberries
Wexford is the county most closely associated with strawberry production. Bord Bia estimate that it accounted for almost 100 of the 224 hectares of the crop grown in Ireland in 2008. The Irish strawberry industry began around 1930 and in 1939, when war cut off imports, a production region began around Bree, Clonroche and Adamstown in Co Wexford. According to Teagasc records, the county had just three hectares of the crop in 1940, but this had jumped to 336 hectares by 1960. Crops were grown in small field plots and employed hundreds of young people. Chivers jams opened a depot in Enniscorthy, while Bunclody co-op and Irish Sugar were also involved. In the late 1990’s the crop moved from the fields to indoors, with fresh berries now available for six to eight months rather than just weeks.
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Strawberries -
Sheep roaming on Achill Island
Sheep breeds kept on the hill areas are a hardier type of sheep more suitable to the tough conditions. This picture was taken on Achill island, off the coast of Co Mayo. Sheep wander the roads as they graze commonage land shared by multiple farmers. Each farmer makes their own sheep with a distinctive colour and sheepdogs are essential in order to gather the sheep for management tasks. Sheep farmers in some mountain regions now market their distinctive lamb direct to consumers (www.ringofkerryqualitylamb.ie and www.connemarahilllamb.ie)
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Sheep roaming on Achill Island -
Dairy farmers per county
Dairy farming is practiced throughout all counties of Ireland, although Munster and eastern counties have the greatest number of cows. Cork had over 4,200 dairy herds, while Tipperary, Kerry and Limerick are also significant. A noted dairy production region touching all four counties is the "Golden Vale", a stretch of top quality land across Limerick, Tipperary and Cork and including the hinterlands of the towns of Charleville, Michelstown, Kilmallock and Tipperary.
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Dairy farmers per county -
Spreading fertilizer
Farmers in Ireland spread fertilizer to add nutrients to the growing crop. In 2011, farmers spent €490m on fertilizer (www.cso.ie). Nitrogen (N) is the most important nutrient, fuelling the growth of the crop. This can be applied mechanically throughout the growing season, or delivered organically through clover which is a legume (fixed Nitrogen in the soil). Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) are also required. Farmers purchase fertilizers with varying percentages of N, P and K, with 10-10-20 containing 10% Nitrogen, 10% Phosphorus and 20% Potassium. They come in granular form in easy to handle bags. Farmers use highly accurate mechanical spreaders to accurately apply fertilizer.
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Spreading fertilizer -
Ewe and lamb
Lambs are born in springtime after a gestation period inside the ewe of five months. Newborn lambs weigh about five kilograms and feed from their mothers’ milk for about 14 weeks. A ewe can only feed two lambs at a time and most ewes will produce one or two lambs per year. However, some ewes will produce three or four lambs and, in this case, lambs may have to be adopted by another ewe.
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Ewe and lamb -
River margins
A river flowing through a field with sheep and a mountain in the distance.
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River margins -
Irish National Stud
The State owned Irish National Stud (www.irishnationalstud.ie) based at Tully in Co Kildare is a major tourist attraction, with some of the most magnificent horses and sumptuous gardens to be found anywhere in the world. It is a working stud, with elite stallions available to breeders at commercial rates. The farm, purchased by Colonel William Hall Walker at the turn of the 20th century, helps Ireland retain its global leadership position in thoroughbred horse breeding. Each year, over 115,000 visit the farm and its exhibits. In May 2011, Queen Elizabeth II, a noted horse breeder, visited the farm during her historic State visit.
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Irish National Stud -
Milk processor map
Thirteen major firms process Ireland's milk and produce butter, cheese, powders, fresh milk and other products for the domestic and export market. Kilkenny based Glanbia plc (glanbia.com) is the largest, followed by Kerry Group (www.kerry.com) Dairygold co-op (www.dairygold.ie) and Lakeland Dairies co-op (www.lakeland.ie). Glanbia and Kerry are publicly quoted companies listed on the Irish Stock Exchange, while the remainder are farmer owned co-operatives. Each month, the Irish Farmers Journal publishes a Milk League that tracks the price paid for milk by eack processor (www.farmersjournal.ie)
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Milk processor map -
Woodland in Polmounty
An excellent view of a number of shade-loving plants can be found in this wet willow-alder-ash woodland in Polmounty in the South of Carlow including ferns, ivy and brambles.
Betsey Hickey
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Woodland in Polmounty -
Sheep dog herding the sheep.
A well trained sheepdog is a key aid for moving sheep from one field to another and essential for gathering mountain sheep. Training and handling sheepdogs is a very skilled job and well trained dogs are very valuable. The most common breed of sheep dog is the Border Collie.
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Sheep dog herding the sheep. -
Map of Ireland showing sheep numbers by county
This graphic shows the number of sheep per county in 2010 and the percentage change on 2009. For example, Kerry had 274,564 sheep at the 2010 census, a 2.16% increase on the previous year. The larger circles illustrate the larger county totals, with Donegal the most significant, at 387,057 sheep. The top counties – Donegal, Galway, Mayo, Kerry and Wicklow all have one thing in common – upland/mountain land. In these areas, sheep are the only enterprise suitable for the terrain.
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Map of Ireland showing sheep numbers by county -
Ford tractor
Tractors have revolutionised farming and massively increased productivity. Pictured above is a Ford New Holland. The first mass produced tractor was created by Henry Ford, who was born on a farm near Detroit, Michigan in 1863. He was the son of William Ford, who was born in Ballinascarthy, Co Cork in 1826. As the son of a farmer, Henry Ford believed that tractors were essential to increase food production. The first Fordson Model F was completed in 1916. Henry Ford & Son Ltd. came to Ireland in 1917 and built a factory at the Marino in Cork, the first Ford foundry outside of North America. The very first Fordson tractor left the assembly line on July 3, 1919. By the end of that year, 303 tractors had been built in Cork. massively increased productivity. Pictured above is a Ford New Holland. The first mass produced tractor was created by Henry Ford, who was born on a farm near Detroit, Michigan in 1863. He was the son of William Ford, who was born in Ballinascarthy, Co Cork in 1826. As the son of a farmer, Henry Ford believed that tractors were essential to increase food production. The first Fordson Model F was completed in 1916. Henry Ford & Son Ltd. came to Ireland in 1917 and built a factory at the Marino in Cork, the first Ford foundry outside of North America. The very first Fordson tractor left the assembly line on July 3, 1919. By the end of that year, 303 tractors had been built in Cork.
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Ford tractor -
Logging
Teagasc research (www.teagasc.ie/forestry) has found that well managed coniferous forests grow far faster in Ireland than in the UK, USA, Canada or Sweden. A major change in recent years has been the shift from the planting of predominantly conifer forests (mainly Sitka Spruce) to broadleaves, such as ash. Up until the turn of the century, conifers accounted for 90% of all planting, but this has fallen to 60% in recent years. Native species, including native broadleaves and Scots Pine, now account for close to 40% of all planting. Most planting is undertaken by farmers, whereas in the past it was undertaken by the State. Coillte, the State’s forestry company, owns over 445,000 hectares of land, or 7% of the land cover of Ireland.
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Logging -
Hay-making
Haymaking became widespread in Ireland during the late nineteenth century. In more recent times, it has been overtaken by silage as the most popular method for preserving grass. It is cut in the summer time and turned in the field for a number of days until it is dry. In the past, crops were gathered into heaps called “cocks”, which were then gathered in the haggard of the farmyard. Barns to protect hay from the elements were widely in use by the early 20th century. Today, hay is generally gathered in the form of round or square bales, which are formed after passing the crop through a mechanical baler pulled by a tractor.
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Hay-making -
Horace Plunkett and the co-operative movement
Horace Plunkett and the Co-operative movement: One man who had a tremendous positive impact on Irish agriculture was Horace Plunkett, who led the introduction of the co-operative movement. In 1889, Plunkett established a co-operative butter-making industry in southwest Ireland, basing his structure on a Scandinavian model. In 1894 Plunkett founded the Irish Agricultural Organisation Society with 33 affiliated dairy co-operative societies or “creameries”. His organisation expanded rapidly; four years later there were 243 affiliated societies. Later, as an MEP at Westminster, he inspired the Recess Committee Report of 1896, which documented failure in Irish agriculture administration. The government eventually accepted his plan, and by the turn of the century the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland (DATI) was established, with Plunkett as vice-president. Cooperatives still dominate Irish agriculture; you can learn more from their umbrella organisation, the Irish Cooperative Organisation Society (ICOS) (www.icos.ie) For more on Horace Plunkett, see www.plunkett.co.uk
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Horace Plunkett and the co-operative movement -
Suckler cow and her calf.
A suckler cow pictured with her young calf. The cow would typically give birth (calve) in the Spring and her calf would suckle her milk until the autumn when he or she would be weaned onto a diet of grass and concentrates. The cows are bred to terminal beef sires selected for their carcase growth rate and conformation. The most popular breeds used in the beef cow herd are Charolais, followed by Limousin, Angus, Belgian Blue and Hereford.
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Suckler cow and her calf. -
Pigs
Pigs farmed for meat are mainly of the breeds Large White and the Landrace. More than half of all pigs are found in just four counties - Cork, Cavan, Tipperary and Waterford. Females that have had one or two litters are called sows. A male is called a boar, whilst a newborn is called a piglet. A group of piglets is called a litter. The meat from pigs is called pork, while cured pig meat is called bacon.
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Pigs